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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medicine and Biotechnology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Medicine and Biotechnology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Медицина и биотехнологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">3034-6231</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-6258</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">National Research Mordovia State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">349152</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15507/3034-6231.002.202601.010-021</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Биотехнологии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Biotechnologies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Optimization of Calcium Phosphate Transfection Protocol</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оптимизация протокола кальций-фосфатной трансфекции</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2793-6760</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">58245472500</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8593-2867</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аль-Хадж Аюб</surname><given-names>Амина Мухаммед Мадиановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Al-Khadj Aioub</surname><given-names>Amina M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории клеточных технологий Федерального центра развития биотехнологий и медицины </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Associate, Laboratory of Cellular Technologies, Federal Center for Biotechnology and Medicine Advancement</p></bio><email>amina.aioub1@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1060-9843</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">2057193339958</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6936-6908</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бродовская</surname><given-names>Екатерина Павловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Brodovskaya</surname><given-names>Ekaterina P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand.Sci. (Med.), Head of the Laboratory of Cellular Technologies, Federal Center for Biotechnology and Medicine Advancement</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий научно-исследовательской лабораторией клеточных технологий Федерального центра развития биотехнологий и медицины </p></bio><email>ekbrodovskaya@gmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7001-6954</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3150-2198</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semikov</surname><given-names>Dmitry O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семиков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Assistant, Laboratory of Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Targeted Forms of Pharmaceuticals, Federal Center for Biotechnology and Medicine Advancement</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник учебно-научной лаборатории доклинических и клинических испытаний таргетных форм фармпрепаратов Федерального центра развития биотехнологий и медицины </p></bio><email>dimaj.semikov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9688-7640</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">22958327300</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1140-6906</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пятаев</surname><given-names>Николай Анатольевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pyataev</surname><given-names>Nikolay A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr.Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Director of the Federal Center for Biotechnology and Medicine Advancement</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, доцент, директор Федерального центра развития биотехнологий и медицины </p></bio><email>pyataevna@mail.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Mordovia State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Мордовский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>10</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-31"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-16"><day>16</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Аль-Хадж Аюб А.М., Бродовская Е.П., Семиков Д.О., Пятаев Н.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Al-Khadj Aioub A.M., Brodovskaya E.P., Semikov D.O., Pyataev N.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Аль-Хадж Аюб А.М., Бродовская Е.П., Семиков Д.О., Пятаев Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Al-Khadj Aioub A.M., Brodovskaya E.P., Semikov D.O., Pyataev N.A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medbiosci.ru/MedBiotech/article/view/349152">https://medbiosci.ru/MedBiotech/article/view/349152</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Despite the advancement of modern transfection methods, such as the use of polyethylenimine- and Lipofectamine-based reagents, their high cost limits their application in large-scale research and biotechnological processes. The classical calcium chloride–mediated transfection method remains a cost-effective alternative; however, its principal drawback is its relatively low efficiency compared to commercial counterparts. <italic>The aim of this study </italic>is to optimize the plasmid DNA-to-calcium chloride ratio in order to enhance the efficacy of calcium phosphate transfection.<bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The efficacy of transfection was evaluated based on the fluorescence intensity of the green fluorescent protein, the nucleotide sequence of which is encoded within the plasmid employed – pCRISPaint-2A-TurboGFP-PEST. For plasmid amplification, competent Escherichia Coli cells were prepared, followed by transformation, plasmid propagation, and subsequent isolation for use in transfection experiments. A series of experiments were conducted to optimize the calcium phosphate transfection protocol for HEK 293T cells. The study examined the effects of varying both the quantity of DNA and the total reaction volume on transfection efficiency. The reference protocol utilized 40 μg of DNA in a total reaction volume of 1 ml.<bold>Results. </bold>A consistent correlation was established: transfection efficiency was dependent upon both the quantity of introduced DNA and the volume of the reaction mixture. Optimal efficacy was achieved utilizing double- and quadruple-dose DNA concentrations relative to the reference protocol, conversely, reduction of DNA quantity resulted in a marked decrease in the number of transfected cells. A further observation was a precipitous decline in transfection efficiency upon reduction of the reaction mixture volume while maintaining a constant DNA amount.<bold>Discussion and conclusion. </bold>It was determined that the critical factor for enhancing the efficiency of calcium-phosphate transfection is not the absolute quantity of DNA, but rather the balance between its concentration and the total volume of the reaction mixture. An optimal component ratio for 2–3∙105 cells/ml of HEK 293T cells was established at 80 μg of DNA per 1 ml of reaction mixture. This specific ratio ensures the formation of nanoscale precipitate particles suitable for efficient endocytosis. Any deviation from this balance – whether a reduction in DNA quantity or a critical increase in its concentration due to a decrease in volume – resulted in a marked decline in transfection efficiency. Consequently, the proposed modification of the protocol represents a cost-effective alternative to expensive commercial reagents (PEI 40K APExBIO, transfection efficiency 60–80%, cost from 22,000 RUB; Lipofectamine 3000, transfection efficiency &gt;70%, cost from 28,000 RUB), as it enables comparable efficacy while maintaining the accessibility of the method for routine investigations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Несмотря на развитие современных методов трансфекции, таких как использование полиэтилениминовых и липофектаминовых реагентов, их высокая стоимость ограничивает применение в крупномасштабных исследованиях и биотехнологических процессах. Классический метод трансфекции с использованием хлорида кальция остается экономически выгодной альтернативой, однако его главным недостатком является низкая эффективность по сравнению с коммерческими аналогами. <italic>Цель исследования – </italic>оптимизация соотношения плазмидной ДНК и хлорида кальция для повышения эффективности кальциевой трансфекции.<bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Оценку эффективности трансфекции проводили по интенсивности свечения зеленого флуоресцентного белка, нуклеотидная последовательность которого содержится в используемой плазмиде pCRISPaint-2A-TurboGFP-PEST. Для наработки плазмиды готовились компетентные клетки (Escherichia Coli) с дальнейшей их трансформацией, наработкой и выделением плазмиды для последующей трансфекции. В ходе работы была проведена серия экспериментов по оптимизации протокола кальций-фосфатной трансфекции клеток HEK 293T. Было изучено влияние вариаций количества ДНК и общего объема реакционной смеси на эффективность процесса. В качестве референсного протокола использовали 40 мкг ДНК в общем объеме реакционной смеси 1 мл.<bold>Результаты исследования. </bold>Установлена закономерность – эффективность трансфекции зависела от количества вносимой ДНК и объема реакционной смеси. Наибольшая результативность достигалась при использовании удвоенной и учетверенной дозы ДНК по сравнению с референсным протоколом. В свою очередь, снижение количества ДНК приводило к заметному уменьшению числа трансфицированных клеток. Другим наблюдением было резкое падение числа трансфицированных клеток при уменьшении объема реакционной смеси c сохранением постоянного количества ДНК.<bold>Обсуждение и заключение. </bold>Выявили, что ключевым фактором для повышенияэффективности кальций-фосфатной трансфекции является не абсолютное количество ДНК, а баланс между ее концентрацией и общим объемом реакционной смеси.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ДНК</kwd><kwd>кальций-фосфатная трансфекция</kwd><kwd>ко-трансфекция</kwd><kwd>полоиэтиленимин</kwd><kwd>модификация протокола</kwd><kwd>оценка эффективности трансфекции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>DNA</kwd><kwd>calcium phosphate transfection</kwd><kwd>co-transfection</kwd><kwd>polyethyleneimine</kwd><kwd>protocol modification</kwd><kwd>transfection efficiency assessment</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group><fn xml:lang="ru"><p/></fn></fn-group></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kim T.K., Eberwine J.H. 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