No 3 (2025)

The article analyzes the implementation of the reform of the local court in Russia, which began with the adoption of the law on June 15, 1912. The undertaken research is aimed at testing the hypothesis that the compromise and contradictory nature of the bill that has entered into force will have a significant impact on the process of implementing its norms.
In the course of the research, through the use of methods of historical analysis, formal legal, comparative legal, general scientific research methods, the peculiarities of the process of implementing the provisions of the draft law were revealed, confirming the compromise and contradictory nature of the reform. A brief outline of the history of the local court in the period from 1914 to 1917 is given. Attention is paid to the characterization of the volost court as a class institution that did not meet the needs of the judicial system of that time. Conclusions are drawn about the incomplete nature of the reform of the local court in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, about the untapped opportunities for improving the judicial system.

A high level of social protection of persons involved in various economic processes is a basic indicator of the development of any modern state. Achieving such a level is seen as possible only if sufficient funding is provided for the entire social sphere, including pension, social and medical support. Possible violations of the norms regulating public relations in these areas are overcome with the help of various tools, including through an effective system for protecting the rights of insurance premium payers and insured persons, where principles and the need for their strict implementation play a leading role.
The methodological basis was formed by a set of general scientific and private scientific methods based on the dialectical theory of cognition and focused on achieving the set research goal, which is to form a system of principles for the protection of insurance payers and insured persons, as well as to propose directions for reforming the current legislation that enshrines the principles of such protection.
The article examined the provisions of the current legislation regulating the basics and procedural features of protecting the rights of insurance premium payers and insured persons, formulated the principles of such protection, and analyzed examples of their implementation. The author’s attention was also paid to the specifics of the implementation of the principles of protection of payers’ rights in foreign legislation (Denmark, Kazakhstan).
The conclusion is substantiated that it is necessary to legislate in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation a system of principles for the protection of the rights of payers of insurance premiums and insured persons in order to increase the effectiveness of their implementation.

This article is devoted to some important issues of territorial jurisdiction of the complaints against decisions of state officials made in cases of administrative offenses. Based on an interpretation of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, previously such cases were reviewed where the relevant administrative offense was committed. However, not so long ago, the case-law took a dramatic turnaround – they began to be reviewed at the location of the state body whose official issued a decision in a case of an administrative offense or a decision of a higher official on a complaint against him. An exception is made for those administrative offenses that are detected by special technical means operating automatically. However, at the same time neither the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation itself nor the interpretation have changed. A similar situation arises with the jurisdiction of complaints against officials’ decisions to refuse to initiate cases of administrative offenses. 
So attention is drawn to the fact that the emerging case-law most likely requires adjustments to the above-mentioned interpretation, and may also threaten the reversals on a formal basis of many previously issued rulings and decisions in similar cases, since the procedural legislation does not set the time limits for their cassation appeal, including – on the argument about violation of the rules of territorial jurisdiction. Speaking further, the possibility of a sharp increase in the workload of the cases of administrative offenses in a number of district (city) courts cannot be ruled out, if one takes into account the fact that in the centers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the majority of government bodies are usually concentrated in one specific administrative district.

The article is dedicated to group action and group proceedings in Sweden. This country is rather unique in that it was among the first countries of continental law that introduced group action. As a result Sweden model of group litigation received traits of equally continental law and common law. The research begins with the history of enactment of law on group proceedings in Sweden, discusses the amendments to the law, circulating in Swedish society. Then the author touches the legal scope of current law on group proceedings and classification of group actions, provided in Swedish law. Also the author raises the following questions: special preconditions for group proceedings and Swedish approach to the formation of the group, characterized by choosing opt-in model, because it is very popular in Europe. In the article Swedish approach to fee agreements is analyzed, special attention is devoted to risk agreements as an example of successful achievement of Swedish law. The author concludes that this approach is useful to introduce into Russian law.

The international level of countering the legalization of proceeds from crime is a developed segment of anti-corruption policy on a global scale, in which an intergovernmental body such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) plays an essential role. His role in the organization of control over the activities of financial authorities and credit institutions, as well as in the methodological support of the construction of compliance in private sector organizations, is well known. However, in recent years, the FATF’s activities have increasingly focused on the control of persons who are not financial entities. Recently, such a concept as a “gatekeeper” has been introduced into legal circulation. 
This work is devoted to a critical analysis of the legal regulation of the activities of international organizations in the field of countering the laundering of criminal assets. The author aims to determine the limits of the admissibility of the implementation of the FATF recommendations in the national legal space. 

The study seems relevant, since the issue of procedural conflicts associated with recording the testimony of a representative of an injured legal entity is quite controversial and arousing interest. The question of the status of the representative of the injured legal entity participating in the legal proceedings is problematic due to the fact that the representative of the injured legal entity is authorized to exercise the rights of the victim, without actually being one. Thus, the representative of the injured legal entity does not fully have the latter’s subjectivity. The purpose of the study is to establish, in the course of the study, the problematic aspects of the legal status of the representative of the injured legal entity in criminal proceedings. To ensure the achievement of the objectives of the study, the tasks of a comprehensive analysis of the current criminal procedural legislation and judicial practice, an in-depth study of the norms and rules governing the procedure for the participation of a representative of an injured legal entity in criminal proceedings are solved. 
Based on general scientific and special scientific methods used in this study, procedural conflicts and practice were analyzed, issues requiring legal solutions were identified, and measures aimed at improving the current legislation were proposed. The results of the study indicate the need to resolve problematic issues by making some changes to the norms of criminal procedural legislation and the criminal procedure.

The article analyzes the application of the norms of the current criminal law and criminal procedural legislation that govern exemption from criminal liability in connection with the appointment of a measure of a criminal-legal nature in the form of a court fine.
The author reveals procedural issues of applying a court fine if the court has the opportunity to terminate a criminal case on the base of the fact of compensation for damage caused by the crime, commensurate with the consequences of the criminal act, and compliance with the conditions for applying a measure of a criminal law nature instead of imposing a certain type of criminal punishment.
Based on the results of studying the materials of criminal cases, the author expressed an opinion on the ambiguous approach of the courts to assessing the sufficiency of the actions of the guilty person to compensate for damage and make amends for the harm caused by the crime, as a condition for release from criminal liability, which are determined by the courts in conjunction with the presented data on the personality of the person brought to criminal liability. As a separate aspect, attention is focused on the problematic aspects of determining by the courts the fact of loss of public danger by the guilty person when committing crimes with a formal composition in the absence of a victim, when as a result of an unlawful act, harm is caused to society and the state.

The article continues the theme of research devoted to the law of the Eurasian Economic Union and its sources. The subject of consideration of this article is the decisions of the EAEU bodies (the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council, the Eurasian Economic Commission), as well as international customs as sources of legal regulation of integration relations in the EAEU. Separately noted is the status of the decisions of the Customs Union Commission in the current legal order of the EAEU; the importance of the recommendations of the Eurasian Economic Commission, which have a guiding effect on the behavior of subjects of integration legal relations. It is indicated that universal international customs (in the form of principles), as well as regional, local customs, which can be formed directly in the integration association, are applied to the regulation of integration relations. 
The article shows the role of court decisions in regulating integration relations. The courts of integration associations have a special goal associated with ensuring uniform interpretation and application of integration law. In exercising the function of monitoring compliance by the member states with the Treaty on the Union, the conformity of international treaties within the Union and decisions of the Union bodies with the Treaty on the EAEU, as well as ensuring uniform application of the Union law, the EAEU Court acts to ensure the rights and interests of an indefinite group of persons, member states and the Union as a whole. In conclusion, the article notes the importance of the acts of the EAEU Court in the formation of a single legal space within the Union, filling gaps in legal regulation, forming legal customs, implementing the principles of integration, developing legal positions that influence rule-making and law enforcement in the EAEU bodies and the Union member states.