Phraseological Units of Grudges of the Siberian Tatars with the Component ‘Pash’ – ‘Head’ in the Structural and Semantic Aspect

The grudges and curses of the Siberian Tatars with the component ‘pash’ – ‘head’ are analyzed from a structural and semantic point of view. The topic’s relevance lies in the fact that this group of phraseological units occurs both in Tatar linguistics and dialectology. The method of interviewing informants, the descriptive-analytical method, the method of structural-semantic analysis, component analysis, the method of definition comparison, and the quantitative-statistical method were applied. The originality of the study lies in the use of new dialectal material, the identification of forms of phraseological units in the dialects of Siberian Tatars, and the determination of national and cultural characteristics of the analyzed units in the dialectal space of the Tatar language. The grudges of the Siberian Tatars echo the old Turkic linguistic worldview. The pejorative phraseological units of the component ‘pash’ - ‘head’ reflect a pre-religious view of the universe. The anthropocentric principle is reflected in the correlation of the human head with the Upper World. In the wishes to bring the head under the earth (to the underworld), there is a demand for the death of the addressee, e.g., ‘паш тумән парыф қатал’ – ‘head down,’ ‘пашың пелән паш түмән кит’ – ‘head down,’ ‘пашың йер астыта йатсын (цересен)’ – ‘your head lies under the earth (rotting).’ The authors have identified ways of forming phraseological units of grudges in the dialects of Siberian Tatars – using the imperative (zero affix -сын // -сен) and the wishful mood (-ғыр / -гер, -қыр /-кер). It has been shown that some units function in a full and a shortened version: ‘эценә шеш қаталғыр и қаталғыр,’ ‘инәңнең (атаңның, палаңның пашын йот и паш йотқыр.’ Phraseological units of grudges are directed against the wrongdoer – a bad person, a thief, an envious person, a slanderer, a greedy person, an insatiable person, a braggart, a pest, a scoundrel, a liar, etc. The extent of the punishment varies: from physical mutilation (‘пашыңа таш төшсөн’ – ‘a stone shall fall on your head’) to death (‘пашыңны айу йотсон’ – ‘a bear shall eat your head’), from one (‘тәнеңне пашсыс күмсеннәр’ – ‘your corpse shall be buried without a head’) to several cases (‘қайғылартан пашың цықмасын’ – ‘don’t let your head get out of rest’). Phraseological units have paradigmatic relationships and form synonymous series. The material studied can be used in the compilation of dialect, phraseological, linguistic, and cultural dictionaries of the Tatar language, which constitutes the practical value of this article.