Medicine and Biotechnology

Создание в Республике Мордовия Федерального центра развития биотехнологий и медицины (ФЦРБиМ) является ключевым направлением программы развития Национального исследовательского Мордовского государственного университета им. Н.П. Огарёва и находится в стадии реализации, финансируется специальной частью гранта Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации «Приоритет -2030». ФЦРБиМ представляет собой передовую научно-образовательную структуру, ориентированную на разработку инновационных лекарственных препаратов, в т. ч. биотехнологических и изделий медицинского назначения по принципу «от идеи до клиники». Введена в строй первая очередь ФЦРБиМ, которая по согласованию с индустриальным партнером – группой компаний «Промомед» – включает лаборатории микробиологии, генно-инженерных биологических продуктов и клеточных технологий и призвана обеспечить разработку ключевых стадий производства и контроля качества биотехнологических препаратов на территории Российской Федерации. В рамках ФЦРБиМ функционируют и действующие научные лаборатории Медицинского института МГУ им. Н.П. Огарёва: доклинических и клинических испытаний таргетных форм лекарственных препаратов; фармацевтической разработки и аналитики. Развивается международное сотрудничество с ВУЗами Китая, Индии, Узбекистана. В 2025 г. планируется модернизация и аккредитация имеющихся лабораторий ФЦРБиМ, создание лаборатории лекарственной токсикологии и специфической активности лекарственных средств с виварием, ее аккредитация, продолжение работ по доклиническим и клиническим исследованиям новых лекарственных средств и изделий медицинского назначения.

Introduction. Dairy products play an important role in human nutrition due to their dietary and medicinal properties, good digestibility and pleasant taste. Algae possess high nutritional value due to their abundant content of fibers, minerals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is expedient to enhance the nutritional value and enrich dairy products with easily digestible micronutrients and vitamins, particularly iodine, which is deficient in our region. The aim of this study is to explore the prospects and challenges associated with producing functional dairy products using algae-based additives.
Materials and methods. A thematic search for scientific works employing
keywords such as “functional dairy products,” “dairy products”, “algae,” “powder from Laminaria japonica,” and “Laminaria” was conducted within the cohort of full-text publications available on the research-oriented social network ResearchGate, as well as in the scientific electronic libraries eLibrary, PubMed, and Google Scholar during the period from 2001 to 2024. During selection, journal ratings and article citation counts were taken into account.
Results. This work revealed that proteins, peptides, fats, oligosaccharides,
vitamins, and minerals present in milk and dairy products can exert physiological effects on the body and be utilized as functional and nutraceutical ingredients to promote health and reduce disease risk. Furthermore, dairy products serve as an ideal matrix for incorporating non-dairy functional components owing to their excellent compatibility with other ingredients and superior taste and nutritional qualities. Brown algae have been identified as valuable sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds, which are utilized in food, functional foods, and medicinal substances. It has been proven that dairy products are consumed by
all age groups, making it highly reasonable to employ algae-based additives in their production. Algae from Laminaria japonica was incorporated into recipes for cottage cheese spread, cottage cheese cream, cheeses, yogurts, and other products. It was observed that higher doses of seaweeds resulted in changes in product flavor, color, and sometimes consistency, thereby impairing organoleptic properties. The most successful formulation proved to be cottage cheese with the addition of 2% algae powder . The use of the additive had minimal impact on the organoleptic characteristics of the fermented milk product, while its iodine content qualified it as a functional product since one serving contained the daily
iodine requirement for humans.
Discussion and conclusion. Utilizing seaweeds as a component in functional dairy products will open new horizons for the food industry, offering both nutritional and therapeutic-prophylactic advantages. Developments in this field will enable the creation of novel functional products that meet consumer expectations. Enrichment of food and beverage products with seaweeds could be an effective means of
popularization; however, success may depend on the type of product, as there may be limitations related to organoleptic characteristics (appearance, taste, texture, etc.).

Introduction. The issue of diagnosing and treating oncological diseases during pregnancy remains highly relevant, as physiological changes may hinder early detection, while therapeutic decision-making is complicated by the need to minimize fetal risks and ensure effective treatment for the mother. This article discusses the specifics of treatment strategy selection, potential risks for both the mother and the fetus, and approaches to minimizing adverse outcomes. The aim of the study is to analyze treatment strategies for oncological diseases during pregnancy, compare treatment effectiveness, and assess the impact on fetal development.

Materials and methods. An analysis of current literature was conducted, enabling the systematization of the structure of oncological diseases in pregnant women, treatment options, and potential outcomes. Additionally, a clinical case from the practice of the Republican Oncology Dispensary was examined, illustrating the real-world challenges and solutions in managing such patients.

Results. Based on the conducted analysis, it has been established that the management of pregnancy in the context of oncological disease requires a careful balance between therapeutic efficacy and fetal safety. In particular, surgical intervention and chemotherapy are considered permissible after the first trimester, whereas radiotherapy, whenever possible, is postponed until the postpartum period. However, data on the long-term outcomes for the child remain inconclusive: some studies indicate an increased risk of preterm birth and mild cognitive impairments, while others do not reveal significant deviations.

Discussion and conclusion. The results obtained confirm that the treatment of cancer during pregnancy requires an individualized approach that takes into account both the stage of the disease and the gestational age. The presented clinical case of a patient with advanced rectal cancer in the third trimester illustrates the feasibility of using XELOX chemotherapy (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) in combination with pregnancy-prolonging measures to improve perinatal outcomes. At the same time, the prognosis for the mother remains dependent on the biological characteristics of the tumor, underscoring the need for further research in this area.

Introduction. The issue of mental disorders in patients with cardiovascular diseases is currently highly relevant. Developing mental disorders significantly worsen the course and prognosis of cardiovascular disease. These conditions substantially reduce patients' quality of life, delay rehabilitation, and increase the risk of repeated hospitalizations. The aim of this review is to analyze current data on the pathogenetic mechanisms of mental disorders in patients with cardiovascular pathology and to assess their impact on disease progression and outcomes.

Materials and methods. Russian and international publications on comorbid mental and cardiovascular pathology from 2003 to 2025 were analyzed. The following resources were used for literature search: ScienceDirect, CyberLeninka, JournalDoctor.Ru, Springer.

Results. Depression is diagnosed in 15–20% of patients with cardiovascular diseases, while preoperative anxiety is observed in 55% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Younger women, as well as individuals with unstable angina and myocardial infarction, are at a higher risk of developing depressive disorders. The dysfunction of the frontal brain regions plays the most significant role in the development of anxiety-depressive syndrome. Postoperative delirium occurs in 26–52% of patients, depending on the type of surgery, and results from hypoxia, hypercapnia, and inflammatory processes. The key pathogenetic mechanisms include neurohormonal changes, endothelial dysfunction, neurotransmitter system disruptions, and systemic inflammatory responses. The incidence of various clinical types of postoperative cerebral dysfunction in cardiac surgery varies: perioperative stroke is detected in 1–9% of surgical cases; symptomatic delirium in the early postoperative period is observed in 7–52% of patients; and delayed cognitive impairments are recorded in 10–80% of patients.

Discussion and conclusion. Of particular interest is the relationship between mental disorders and the pathophysiological processes accompanying cardiovascular pathology. Neurohormonal changes, inflammatory responses, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neurotransmitter system dysfunction exacerbate the progression of both psychiatric and cardiovascular diseases. These mechanisms create a vicious cycle in which mental disorders increase the severity of cardiovascular diseases, while somatic pathology, in turn, worsens mental health. Investigating the pathogenetic mechanisms of mental disorders in patients with cardiovascular disease holds not only theoretical but also practical significance for the development of novel personalized treatment approaches, early diagnosis, and correction of identified disorders.

Introduction. Currently, noise is regarded not only as a harmful occupational factor but also as a significant physical element of the living environment, constituting an integral part of human life. The aim of this study is to determine noise exposure levels in higher education institutions and assess its impact on the psychophysiological parameters of students.

Materials and methods. The annual noise exposure was calculated using measurements obtained from the "Assistant" noise and vibration analyzer. To assess the impact of noise on the psychophysiological parameters of students, the Münsterberg method was employed, along with a stress-level monitoring system and pure-tone threshold audiometry, including investigations of air and bone conduction within the standard frequency range. This study does not require approval from a biomedical ethics committee.

Results. It was established that during daytime hours, noise levels across the campus  of National Research Mordovia State University and building interiors (hallways, restrooms, and cloakrooms) remind with permissible limits. However, elevated noise levels were recorded in lecture halls. Based on the obtained measurements and questionnaire results, a risk group was identified, showing a statistically significant reduction in selective attention at a noise level of 65.5 dBA. The study is limited to examining the subjective parameters of noise impact on students at the Medical Institute. An evaluation of 97 questionnaires from 1^st to 6^th-year students was conducted, representing a sufficiently representative sample. According to the obtained annual noise exposure data, two groups were formed: Group I (n = 10) – individuals with minimal noise exposure (annual noise exposure ranging from 62.5 to 68.2 dBA), and Group II (n = 10) – the risk group (annual noise exposure ranging from 80.1 to 85.6 dBA). A comparative assessment of cognitive functions was performed in the risk group using the Münsterberg method, along with an evaluation of psychophysiological parameters using a stress-level control system.

Discussion and conclusion. The evaluation of certain cognitive indicators confirms the nonspecific effect of noise on students, manifesting as reduced selectivity and concentration of attention, as well as a decline in all parameters of the nervous system's functional capabilities, which has been identified among at-risk students.

Introduction. Severe bronchial asthma is a form of bronchial asthma that is difficult to treat, characterized by the uncontrollability of symptoms despite strict adherence to therapy and treatment of comorbidities. It may worsen with a reduction in high doses of glucocorticosteroids. The majority of patients with this pathology exhibit the eosinophilic phenotype, which is distinguished by a pronounced severity of the disease, a high frequency of exacerbations, and reduced effectiveness to standard anti-inflammatory therapy. Suppression of eosinophil activity represents a promising direction for the pathogenetic therapy of severe bronchial asthma. In recent decades, active research has focused on the study of gene-engineered biological drugs, which have proven their efficacy. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of gene-engineered biological therapy, using the example of benralizumab administration in a patient suffering from severe bronchial asthma and chronic polypoid rhinosinusitis.

Materials and methods. The article presents a clinical case of a 55-year-old female patient, A., diagnosed with “Bronchial asthma, non-allergic, severe course. Stage 1 chronic polypous rhinosinusitis”. The investigation utilized clinical, laboratory, and instrumental methods, as well as consultations with specialists.

Results. In patient A., prolonged therapy with the 5^th treatment stage did not achieve complete disease control. The gene-engineered biological therapy, using benralizumab 30 mg subcutaneously once every 3 weeks (for the first 3 doses), followed by 30 mg subcutaneously once every 4 weeks, demonstrated positive dynamics: stabilization of the patient's condition, a reduction in the frequency of exacerbations and nocturnal asthma attacks, a decrease in the need for hospitalization, and normalization of laboratory and instrumental parameters.

Discussion and conclusion. The presented clinical case emphasizes the importance of studying and incorporating new genetically engineered biological agents into medical practice. The article will be of interest to physicians, as the use of modern treatment methods will allow for better disease prognosis and improve patients’ quality of life.