Nº 3 (2025)
Articles
Working with dreams as a factor in reducing anxiety levels
Resumo
The subject of the study is the dreams as manifestations of the psychological activity of the individual in the context of psychological psychotherapy. The object of the study is the participants—individuals—who, with the help of a psychologist, work with the material of their dreams to reduce their anxiety levels. The hypothesis of the study is that working with dream material within the framework of an author's synthetic concept of dreams is effective, which is manifested in the reduction of both situational and personal anxiety of the individual whose dreams are being worked with. The relevance of the study is determined, on one hand, by the growing interest in the subject of dreams from both scientific and practical psychological-psychotherapeutic perspectives and, on the other hand, by the lack of data confirmed through mathematical analysis regarding the effectiveness of working with dream material. The research utilized, among other methods, the case study method, the testing method (the Spielberg-Hanin anxiety test), and the self-observation method (introspection). The results of the study allow for statistically significant conclusions about the psychological-psychotherapeutic effectiveness of working with dream material using the algorithm proposed within the framework of the author's synthetic concept of dreams. Meanwhile, using mathematical statistical methods, the data previously presented in the works of authors such as V.V. Kozlov, V.V. Maikov, S.A. Parfentiev, and others are confirmed, yet had not been substantiated from the standpoint of academic science before. The novelty of the presented research lies in such substantiation, which may pique the interest of both theoretical scientists and practitioners in the field of psychology. As evidenced by the data obtained by the researchers, differences on the "Situational Anxiety" scale are significant at the Wilcoxon test level of significance p.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):1-44
1-44
Anticipation and depression: research overview
Resumo
Anticipation encompasses many spheres of mental activity and participates in a number of important adaptive processes. In recent years, a significant amount of research has been conducted on the study of anticipation as a factor influencing the onset of depression. There is still a lack of studies that summarize and systematize data on anticipation in the context of depression. This is due to the fact that anticipation is a relatively broad concept, and researchers use various definitions to describe different aspects of anticipation. The aim of this work is to investigate the disparate studies dedicated to anticipation in the context of depression. The subject of the research is anticipation as one of the key factors influencing the development of depression. To achieve this aim, a review was conducted. The literature search was performed using the following keywords: «anticipation», «perspective», «expectation», «foresight», «forecasting», «prediction», «future thinking», «future-directed thinking», «predictive processing», and» judgment about the future» in combination with the terms «dysphoria», «depression», and «depressive disorder». The work examines theoretical models of depression that highlight the role of anticipation in its etiopathogenesis. The results of the research indicate that depression is characterized by a specific profile of future forecasting and a conviction in the inevitability of negative outcomes. The accuracy of forecasts and the stability of negative expectations are discussed. The deficit of specificity in episodic thinking is described, based on mechanisms of impaired memory. It is shown that individuals with depression experience distortions in goal-setting processes and impairments in the forecasting of emotions and pleasure. Anticipation, viewed as a trait, is also related to depression. Interventions aimed at developing anticipation and capable of reducing depressive symptoms are presented. Conclusions are formulated regarding the interrelationship between depression and anticipation, and directions for future research in this area are highlighted.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):45-64
45-64
Aggression as a Psychological Phenomenon and Its Theoretical Foundations
Resumo
Aggression is a complex and multifaceted psychological phenomenon that impacts interpersonal relationships and social stability. Despite extensive theoretical research, varying interpretations of its nature, forms, and motivations challenge practical psychological interventions addressing aggressive behaviors. This research focuses on aggression as a psychological phenomenon and the theoretical frameworks used to understand it, alongside related concepts such as "aggressive behavior," "aggressiveness," and "hostility." The primary aim was to systematize and critically analyze key theoretical approaches to aggression, identifying core psychological mechanisms and motivational factors underlying human aggressive tendencies. Additionally, the research sought to propose an integrative definition of aggression suitable for guiding empirical investigations and practical prevention and intervention strategies. Aggression was posited to differ significantly from related constructs and to be conceptualized as a multi-level structure encompassing functional and motivational components. The study employed a theoretical and methodological analysis of scientific publications to identify the key components of aggression, define its terminological scope, and systematize approaches to its understanding. Initially, publications were selected through a straightforward keyword search using terms such as “aggression” and “aggressive behavior,” after which the selected articles underwent direct content analysis. The authors analyzed both classical and contemporary concepts of aggression, identified the diversity of its forms, and formulated clear distinctions among the terms “aggression,” “aggressiveness,” “aggressive behavior,” as well as “anger” and “hostility.” A classification of approaches to understanding the mechanisms of aggression was also proposed, integrating not only psychological and biological concepts but also incorporating the application of ecological perspectives to this phenomenon. Furthermore, the article presented an integrative definition of aggression as a psychological phenomenon that takes into account its biological, psychological, and social determinants. The developed classification broadens the conceptual framework for understanding the phenomenon, while the formulated definition opens avenues for in-depth empirical research, the development of diagnostic tools, and the creation of prevention and intervention programs targeting aggressive behavior within contemporary sociocultural contexts.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):65-84
65-84
Psychological atmosphere in a Russian university as a basis for motivation to study
Resumo
Motivation for learning depends on both the student's personality traits and external factors, including the psychological atmosphere that is formed in study groups. This aspect has been studied rather poorly for foreign students. The purpose of the study is the impact of the psychological atmosphere on motivation for studying at a higher educational institution among Vietnamese students of different years of study. The psychological atmosphere of study groups where Vietnamese students study can be characterized as favorable, while foreign students to a greater extent highlight such components as cooperation, friendliness, agreement and satisfaction. Mutual support, passion, entertainment and success are expressed to a lesser extent. Strong correlations were found between intrinsic motivation and individual components of the psychological atmosphere in study groups, while no significant correlations were found for motivation to obtain a diploma. To a greater extent, such components of the psychological atmosphere as success, mutual support and cooperation affect intrinsic motivation. The study was conducted on a sample of 40 Vietnamese students who were examined using standard methods twice, in the 1st and 3rd years of study. The obtained results were subjected to correlation analysis and pairwise comparison using the Mann-Whitney coefficient. For the first time, the features of Vietnamese students' motivation to study at Russian universities in the 1st and 3rd years were considered in a comparative key. The prevalence of external motivation in the junior years and internal motivation in the senior years was revealed, which contradicts the previously obtained data on this social group. For the first time, a stable nature of the motivation "getting a diploma" was shown among Vietnamese students, which is explained by national and cultural characteristics, as well as the prestige of higher education in Vietnam. For the first time, an increase in motivation to study was demonstrated among 3rd-year students compared to the first, which can be explained by the psychological atmosphere of the educational institution for which the study was conducted. Statistically significant differences in the structure of motivation among students from Vietnam in the 1st and 3rd years of study were shown. For the first time, the features of the psychological climate in groups where Vietnamese students study were demonstrated, and key characteristics of the psychological climate were identified that demonstrate strong correlations with motivation for learning.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):85-99
85-99
The concept of health psychology as the basis for the effectiveness of rehabilitation and habilitation of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and other neuropsychological developmental disorders.
Resumo
The object of the research is the process of rehabilitation and habilitation of children with ASD. The subject of the research is the concept of health psychology as a condition for the successful rehabilitation and habilitation of children with ASD. The goal of the research is the experimental justification of the effectiveness of rehabilitation and habilitation of children with ASD and other neuropsychological developmental disorders, based on the principles and methods of the health psychology concept. The process of rehabilitation and habilitation and the health of children with ASD are considered from the perspective of the theory and practice of health psychology. Special attention is given to understanding the health of a child with ASD in the context of the main provisions of health psychology, which is defined as a systemic formation, as a balance of mental, physical, and social well-being of an individual. ASD is considered as a specific systemic disorder of the mental development of children, which manifests itself in disruptions in social interaction, neurophysiological, and somatic functioning of the body. Research methods include neurophysiological methods, laboratory methods, psychological examination methods, individual nutrient calculation methods, rational nutrition methods, behavioral intervention methods, and quantitative and qualitative data processing methods. The study was conducted among children aged 4 to 10 diagnosed with ASD, totaling 48 individuals at the Health Center of the Research Laboratory of Clinical Pathopsychology "SANAT" in Novorossiysk. The main conclusion of the conducted research is the effectiveness of the secondary prevention program for children with ASD and other neuropsychological development disorders, grounded on the principles and methods of the health psychology concept. The inclusion of children with ASD in the secondary prevention program ensures positive dynamics in the neurophysiological development of children: improvements in cerebral blood flow indicators, vascular condition, and bioelectrical activity of the brain, improvements in markers of brain damage, as well as an increase in social communication skills and a reduction in comorbid ASD disorders. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it scientifically substantiates for the first time the effectiveness of the theory and practice of health psychology concerning children with ASD. The obtained results allow for recommending the implementation of the proposed program to achieve positive dynamics in neurophysiological and psychological development, reduction of comorbid symptoms, and improvement of somatic health in children with ASD within the framework of secondary prevention programs.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):100-117
100-117
Emotional components of psychological health in young individuals with adaptation disorders.
Resumo
The subject of the study is the emotional state of youth diagnosed with "adaptation disorder" in the context of psychological health. The author thoroughly examines aspects of the topic such as the significance of emotions in the overall system of personal well-being, which includes physical, mental, social, and spiritual health. Special attention is paid to manifestations of anxiety, subdepressive mood, fear, as well as aggressive and self-destructive emotional reactions, including feelings of guilt and sensitivity. It is noted that such emotional dysfunctions significantly impact the quality of life of young people, leading to decreased life activity, deterioration of mental state, and overall well-being. Furthermore, the role of both internal factors (insecurity, low self-esteem) and external factors (social instability, information overload) in forming emotional tension is emphasized. The focus is on the lack of adaptive resources and insufficient development of effective emotional regulation strategies in this category of youth. Psychodiagnostic examination was conducted using questionnaires to assess anxiety, depression, and quality of life indicators. Validated methods were applied: the Zung Scale, the Taylor Anxiety Scale, and the Bass-Darke Questionnaire. This allowed for a comprehensive analysis of emotional manifestations and the identification of key disruptions in the emotional and personal spheres in youth with adaptation disorders. The main conclusions of the conducted research include establishing a link between adaptation disorder and pronounced emotional disorders in youth, including high levels of anxiety, subdepression, fear, and aggression, as well as a significant decrease in quality of life indicators. The dependence of emotional tension on the combination of internal and external factors, as well as the insufficiency of psychological adaptation mechanisms, was identified. It was established that combined variants of emotional deviations, which lead to a significant reduction in quality of life and overall psychological well-being, are most characteristic. The novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive approach to studying the emotional state of youth, taking into account both individual-personal characteristics and the social context in which maladaptive reactions are formed. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the emphasis on the necessity of individualizing psychotherapeutic programs and developing emotional resilience as crucial directions for psychological assistance to youth experiencing emotional and adaptation distress.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):118-135
118-135
Psychological well-being of adolescents from the perspective of a holistic approach based on mind and body
Resumo
The subject of the research is the psychological well-being of adolescents in the context of a holistic approach that integrates work with the mind and body. Adolescence is a critical stage of development characterized by significant social, emotional, and physiological changes. These changes have a profound impact on emotional regulation, anxiety levels, and stress resilience. The article discusses the integration of cognitive therapy and body-oriented methods as the most effective direction for harmonizing the internal state of adolescents. Special attention is given to how the combination of psychological and somatic practices allows for the bridging of gaps in traditional approaches, forming comprehensive support strategies. The aim of the research is to demonstrate that such an interdisciplinary approach fosters the development of self-regulation, resilience, and mindfulness, addressing the multidimensional needs of adolescents. The study synthesizes data from empirical works, theoretical models (including K. Ryff's concept of psychological well-being and W. Reich's body-oriented psychotherapy), and clinical observations to assess the effectiveness of integrated approaches. Special emphasis is placed on peer-reviewed studies dedicated to cognitive and somatic methods of working with adolescents. The results indicate that the integration of mind-body approaches significantly enhances psychological well-being. This effect is achieved through the comprehensive development of self-regulation skills, sustained reduction in anxiety levels, and increased personal autonomy. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the synthesis of cognitive and bodily techniques, effectively compensating for the key limitations of isolated methods (e.g., the neglect of the bodily aspect of trauma in classical CBT). The practical implementation of the findings includes the development of school programs and clinical protocols that integrate breathing practices, mindfulness, and cognitive restructuring. This integrative approach is particularly relevant for adolescents, as it fully meets their developmental need for bodily self-exploration and growth. This analysis contributes to the development of interdisciplinary approaches in the field of mental health, offering a consolidated theoretical foundation for subsequent empirical research and the development of evidence-based interventions.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):136-149
136-149
Studying family history as a means of leisure, self-realization and therapy of students' psycho-emotional states
Resumo
The article provides a summary review of the available research results on the use of family history classes in therapeutic practice based on publications by Russian and foreign authors. The psychological mechanisms of the impact of family history, such as family scenario, family myth, intergenerational transmission, on the psycho-emotional state of students are considered. It is shown that family history classes can be a resource of social adaptation for people with low resilience, intergenerational dialogue and interaction have an unconditional positive effect on psychological well-being. It has also been confirmed that there is a link between emotional well-being and an indicator of family identity as an experience of family value. It was revealed that students who study family history courses have improved indicators of identification with family, increased self-esteem and decreased anxiety. At the same time, it is noted that in some cases, the study of family history can have reverse negative consequences for a person's psychoemotional state. By analyzing the available materials, it has been established that the study of family history is an increasingly popular and effective method of therapy for psychoemotional conditions in Russia and the world. The results of the research conducted to date indicate that the use of genealogical research in psychological practice, as well as in training events, gives positive psychotherapeutic effects. Studying family history can ensure the individualization of a life path, form a historical and cultural identity, contribute to the process of spiritual and moral self-determination and social integration of participants in this process, as well as become a factor of social and individual attitudes towards personal self-realization.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):150-167
150-167
The possibilities of the psychosemantic method in the study of social anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia
Resumo
The results of a study of social anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia are presented. The subject of the study is social anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia. The purpose of the work: to conduct a theoretical analysis of the possibilities of the psychosemantic approach and to present empirical data on the features of the subjective semantic structure of social experience in patients with schizophrenia, its links with the severity of social anhedonia and the characteristics of social motivation. It clarifies that patients with schizophrenia with pronounced social anhedonia show active social avoidance, instead of the expected indifference. Special attention is paid to the psychosemantic approach, which makes it possible to describe the structure of subjective semantic coordinates of social experience in patients with schizophrenia and to identify its relationship with motivation for social avoidance. The study involved 42 patients aged 23 to 46 years (mean age = 34.8 years, SD = 7.4) with a diagnosis of "F20.0 paranoid schizophrenia" with more than 5 years of illness, in a state of subremission, without pronounced psychotic symptoms. Adapted methods "Scale of social anhedonia" (Eckblad et al., 1982), "Scale of social avoidance and distress" (D. Watson, R. Friend, 1969), "A brief scale of fear of negative social assessment" (M. Leary, 1983), "The Toronto scale of alexithymia" (G. Taylor, J. Parker, R. Bagby, 1994); SPSS Statistics program ver.22. It has been revealed that social anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia is associated with the peculiarities of the subjective semantic structure of social experience; patients with schizophrenia, regardless of the available characteristics and context, characterize others as evil and malevolent, which leads them to the inability to enjoy social interaction; these features mediate motivation for social avoidance, and also prevent the acquisition of emotional experience from an actual situation of social interaction. The novelty of the results lies in the application of a psychosemantic method, namely a directed associative experiment, in which subjects were consistently presented with images representing photographs of the eyes of professional actors expressing various emotional states. The results obtained complement previous studies in the field of social motivation of patients with schizophrenia. Scope of the results: development and implementation of psychocorrective and psychotherapeutic programs.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):168-181
168-181
The impact of information and communication platforms on the behavior of modern adolescents
Resumo
Digital technologies have become an integral part of the lives of modern teenagers. In addition to entertainment functions, communication applications are able to modernize the educational process and create prerequisites for the formation of a full-fledged personality of a teenager who adequately assesses the risks of using information and communication technologies and who is able to extract positive experiences to form a successful career in the future. The introduction of information and communication platforms helped to identify the characteristics of social behavior among adolescents. Depending on the intensity of the use of electronic services, there is a change in the behavior of older students. It is advisable to consider the Internet communication environment as a means of improving communication skills and developing compensatory functions of socialization. The purpose of the article is to identify the relationship between the intensity of use of information and communication platforms and the characteristics of the actual social behavior of adolescents. Diagnostics of the level of demonstrativeness by O.S. Posypanova; questionnaire of social desirability by D. Crown, D. Marlowe; testing "Who am I?" by M. Kuhn, modified by T. V. Rumyantseva, questionnaire to identify the locus of control by J. Rotter, a questionnaire to identify behavioral reactions (the author's method) were used in the research. To diagnose the external characteristics of behavior an interview of the users was conducted. In the course of the study, it turned out that teenagers with a low level of use of communication applications are aimed at using the application for educational purposes. Teenagers with an average intensity of application use share their personal successes and achievements, as well as communicate on educational topics to receive and transmit information. High activity in the application among teenagers leads to the formation of an extensive circle of friends, the administration of groups and active participation in various educational activities in order to present themselves in a favorable perspective. The more intensively teenagers use an electronic application, the more pronounced demonstrative behavior is manifested, social desirability is intensified, behavioral reactions are more pronounced, and there is also a shift in the locus of control towards the external. As the presence of interactive communication platforms grows, the healthy use of information resources should be encouraged.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):182-194
182-194
Psychosemantics as a method of studying unconscious attitudes in the context of solving complex problems
Resumo
The article explores unconscious attitudes that shape cognitive patterns for perceiving and solving complex tasks under conditions of uncertainty. The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity to overcome the limitations of traditional models focused on conscious strategies and to shift towards analyzing implicit factors that significantly determine the success of intellectual activity. Particular attention is paid to situations requiring a creative approach, where unconscious semantic structures of consciousness act as a key filter for interpreting the problem field. The research is based on the psychosemantic paradigm, which allows for the reconstruction of deep evaluation criteria through the analysis of subjective semantic spaces. This approach enables the operationalization of a subject's implicit expectations before task solving begins, revealing hidden coordinates that form an anticipatory image of the problem, set the trajectory for solution search, and mediate the interaction between affective and cognitive components of thinking. The primary method was a laboratory experiment using an original semantic differential (17 bipolar scales) adapted for task perception assessment. The sample consisted of 72 respondents (aged 18–44). Data processing involved factor analysis (principal axis factoring with oblimin rotation), correlation analysis, and graphical analysis. A valid tool for diagnosing unconscious attitudes towards a task was developed and tested. The structure of the "task" semantic space was revealed, with its key dimensions being "Emotional and Motivational Attractiveness" (32% of variance, α=0.938) and "Structural Clarity and Creative Potential" (20% of variance, α=0.864), which are strongly positively correlated (r=0.850). It was established that the "ideal" and "undesirable" tasks occupy semantically opposite positions within this space. The findings contribute to understanding the unity of affective and cognitive processes in problem situation perception. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the development of a context-specific tool, while its practical significance lies in identifying the implicit criteria that subjects unconsciously use to evaluate and choose solution strategies, opening up possibilities for optimizing the organization of creative activity. It is shown that the semantic space of a task is not universal and reflects the interaction of the task's objective characteristics and the subject's cognitive styles.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):195-206
195-206
Methods of machine learning in determining mental state based on data from a coordinate input device
Resumo
The subject of the study is the potential use of machine learning methods to analyze computer mouse movements for diagnosing users' mental states. The proposed model, based on data about mouse movement speed, click frequency, and aiming accuracy, allows for the assessment of users' anxiety and stress levels. The experiment is conducted within the framework of the Remote Topology project, which collects data for subsequent model validation. The main focus is on automating the monitoring process of learners' psycho-emotional states and utilizing modern technologies to support their psychological well-being in educational environments. The developed approach involves performing tasks within a comprehensive infrastructure, enabling participants to work with standard system administrator tasks. The typical assignments incorporate logic whereby the task will not be solved using conventional algorithms. The research method is the implementation of machine learning techniques in the psychodiagnostics of students, allowing for the analysis of big data, the identification of hidden patterns, and the forecasting of emotional states. Examples of projects and systems utilizing NLP, movement analysis, and activity for the early detection of anxiety, stress, and depression are provided. The main outcome of the conducted research is the statistical analysis of stress and anxiety among participants. The experimental protocol was designed to recreate a scenario similar to the workday of a mid-level enterprise specialist solving tasks according to the professional standard 6.027, a specialist in the administration of network devices of information and communication systems. As a result, the experimental protocol induces an overall increase in perceived stress and anxiety levels, which can be accurately determined using machine learning methods. The differences in the tasks of these classes and algorithms complicate direct comparisons of the results obtained in our study with existing studies presented in the literature review. During previous and current research aimed at determining stress levels using mouse activity data, validation of the experimental group was conducted using machine learning methods. The analysis confirmed the significance of such features as key hold time, intervals between key presses, and mouse movement speed, which aligns with the findings of previous works.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):207-223
207-223
Psychological support as one of the mechanisms ensuring the effectiveness of labor activity
Resumo
The object of the study is psychological aspects of the effectiveness of labor activity. The subject of the study is the internal psychological mechanisms that affect a person's interest in the profession, the need for professional development and self-realization, career growth, attitude to work, colleagues, organizations, as well as his motivational values. The purpose of the study is to deepen the theoretical and methodological provisions, to study the indicators of labor efficiency before and after the implementation of the psychological support program and to develop scientific and practical recommendations on psychological support as a mechanism for ensuring the effectiveness of labor. In the course of the study, psychological indicators of labor efficiency were identified. The author of the article presents an original program of psychological support aimed at regulating the stress level of employees in accordance with the effectiveness of work. The methodology of the article is based on the research of the domestic and foreign scientists, revealing the psychological factors affecting the effectiveness of work, as well as psychological support in conditions of increased stress at different stages of work. The study uses theoretical (comparative analysis) and empirical research methods (conversation, questionnaire). The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that in the scientific and practical field of knowledge, the problem of the influence of psychological mechanisms on the effectiveness of labor activity has become one of the central aspects of economic efficiency. The practical significance lies in the fact that the conducted research expands the range of knowledge about the specifics of psychological support as a mechanism that increases the efficiency of work. The developed program of psychological support for employees of the organization can be used by psychologists of psychological services.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):224-237
224-237
The system of logical levels as a model of anthropocentric standard of health.
Resumo
The subject of the research is the phenomenon of health as a complex, multidimensional, and hierarchically organized system, including physical, mental, social, and spiritual components. The object of the research is the sociocultural standards of health that determine societal and personal representations of health and illness. The author examines aspects of the topic such as ancient, adaptive, and anthropocentric approaches to understanding health in detail. Special attention is given to the anthropocentric standard, within which the individual is perceived as a self-developing system capable of awareness, self-knowledge, spiritual growth, and internal integration. The research is based on a systemic-structural approach, which allows for the analysis of health as a dynamic process involving the interaction of different levels of human being. The annotation emphasizes the significance of the inner core of the individual as a key component that ensures the integrity and resilience of the individual. The methodological foundation of the research is the systemic-structural approach and the model of logical levels of consciousness by R. Dilts, complemented by elements of structural psychosomatics, allowing for the analysis of the internal organization of the individual through the lens of values, identity, and spiritual core. The scientific novelty of this research lies in the integration of the model of logical levels of consciousness into the interpretation of the anthropocentric standard of health, which provides a new perspective on the internal structure of the individual as a system. This approach offers the possibility for a deep analysis of the value-semantic foundations of human existence and the mechanisms of self-organization. The work emphasizes that health in the anthropocentric context acts as a result of stable interaction between various levels of the mental and spiritual organization of the individual. Unlike the ancient and adaptive standards, the proposed approach focuses on the inner core of the individual as a source of vital energy, existential meaning, and spiritual resilience. It is concluded that the disruption of the connection with the core of the individual is at the heart of many personal and psychosomatic crises. Restoring this connection contributes to achieving psychological integrity, personal maturity, internal balance, and high stress resilience, which opens new perspectives for both theoretical psychology and practical psychotherapy.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):238-258
238-258
The problem of pedagogical competence in the works of A.P. Nechaev
Resumo
The article examines the problem of pedagogical competence in Russian psychology. The direction of analysis of the historical sources of modern ideas about pedagogical competence is highlighted. It is noted that such historical-scientific research is devoted mainly to well-known personalities, while there are scientists of the early 20th century, whose ideas about pedagogical competence are little studied. A historical-psychological analysis of the psychological and pedagogical views of A.P. Nechaev (1870–1948) on the personality and activities of a teacher is carried out. The scientist did not study the problem of pedagogical competence itself (since it was developed later), however, in his scientific works A.P. Nechaev described the requirements for the personal and professional qualities of a teacher, on the basis of which it is possible to reconstruct his ideas about significant types of competence. The main methodological principle of the study was the provision on the possibility of using modern concepts to determine the structure of scientific ideas of individuals on a particular problem. The concept of competence of V.D. Shadrikov was used as a modern approach. The main research methods are problem analysis and historical-psychological reconstruction. It has been established that in his scientific works A.P. Nechaev considered all types of pedagogical competence: in his views, personal competence included the teacher’s focus on studying the child’s mental life, motivational competence included individualization of learning, organizational competence included the preparation of educational materials based on the age-related characteristics of the child’s mental development, informational competence included the teacher’s mastery of psychological knowledge, program competence included the construction of the educational process based on experimental and psychological data, and purpose competence included the desire to form a “morally valuable” and integral personality of the student. A.P. Nechaev attached great importance to the use of psychology in pedagogical activity. In conclusion, it is said that the scientist’s views were conditioned by the intellectual, socio-historical and moral context of that time. The conducted research allows us to say that the sources of modern ideas about pedagogical competence include, among others, the works of A.P. Nechaev, which reflect the focus of the teacher and his activities on the inner world of students, the development of their personality, taking into account the age-related characteristics of their mental development.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):259-269
259-269
Features of victim identity of adolescents with chronic diseases
Resumo
The article presents the results of a study of the characteristics of the victim identity of adolescents with chronic diseases. There are many studies of adolescents' with chronic diseases personality traits in the scientific literature, but insufficient research has been found on the problem of victim identity of adolescents with various chronic diseases. The purpose of this research is to study the characteristics of victim identity of adolescents with chronic diseases. The results of an experimental verification of hypotheses put forward by the authors about the presence of differences in victimization characteristics between three groups of adolescents with chronic skin, chronic urological and chronic gastrointestinal diseases and the presence of a link between indicators of victimization with anxiety and social orientation and the presence of a difference in these links between the three groups are presented. Methods developed by Andronnikova O.O. used in the study: "Methodology for the study of propensity to victim behavior" by Andronnikova O.O., test of the sacrificial position of personality by Andronnikova O.O., test of victim identity by Andronnikova O.O.; Taylor's methodology for measuring anxiety level (adaptation by T.A. Nemchinov), Methodology for diagnosing socio-psychological attitudes of personality in the motivational-need sphere by O.F. Potemkina. As a result, it was found that adolescents with skin and urological diseases have a significantly higher degree of tendency to hypersocial, sacrificial behavior than adolescents with gastrointestinal diseases, adolescents with skin diseases are significantly more likely to get into threatening situations, have a greater internal predisposition and willingness to victimize situations, have a tendency to aggressive impulsive behavior more than adolescents with urological and gastrointestinal diseases. Adolescents with urological and skin diseases are significantly more likely to use sacrifice as a punishment for themselves, significant differences are found between the group of adolescents with gastrointestinal diseases and the group with skin diseases, adolescents with gastrointestinal diseases are significantly less prone to this than other groups. Adolescents with gastrointestinal, skin, and urological diseases differ not only in terms of victimization, but also in the structure of relationships between victimization and anxiety and social orientation, which indicates the importance of comparison not only in individual indicators, but also in the structure of their relationships.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):270-278
270-278
Personality aspects of rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and comorbid addictive pathology in a specialized psychiatric hospital setting
Resumo
This study is devoted to identifying the potential of psychological rehabilitation concerning the personal sphere of patients with diagnosed schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and comorbid addictive pathology in a specialized psychiatric hospital. We studied the individuals suffering from SSD and comorbid addiction undergoing psychological rehabilitation in a specialized psychiatric hospital setting. The subject of the research was the personality characteristics of patients with SSD and comorbid addictive pathology. The study hypothesis was that the parameters significantly altered during the psychological rehabilitation of patients with SSD and comorbid addiction would be associated with the patients' personality characteristics, predetermining the possibility of their correction through a rehabilitation process. The following psychodiagnostic instruments were used: the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS), the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, the Life Style Index (LSI), the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), and the Motives for Drug Use scale. Mathematical and statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The novelty of the research lies in identifying the specific personality constructs that can be targeted for correction in the rehabilitation process of this patient population through group work focused on traditional targets—negative symptoms and cognitive skills. In the course of psychological rehabilitation, dynamic changes were found in the integral indicator of negative symptoms (p=0.01), blunted affect (p=0.04), anhedonia (p=0.04), and asociality (p=0.03), as well as in cognitive skills (p=0.03). The correlation analysis indicated a potential for rehabilitation that is presumably latent in the following areas: psychological defense mechanisms, coping strategies, motivation to use psychoactive substances, and time perspective. The future direction of this work is aimed at confirming the identified relationships through practical experience within a long-term, systematic, and multifaceted psychological rehabilitation program.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):279-295
279-295
Professionalization of a doctor's personality: a review of research
Resumo
The article is dedicated to the study of the professionalization process of physicians. It is viewed as a multifaceted dynamic process that encompasses the formation of not only professional competencies but also important personal qualities and socio-psychological skills. The main focus is on the integration of clinical knowledge, communicative abilities of physicians, as well as a number of ethical and psychological aspects of medical activities. The primary focus of the research is directed towards examining the relationship between the formation of clinical competencies, the development of communication skills, and the establishment of professional identity among medical specialists. Special attention is given to key aspects such as: stages of professional development, psychological components of professionalism, and ethical-deontological aspects of interaction in the "doctor-patient" system. The authors analyze the key stages of a physician's professional development, such as adaptation to the professional environment, the development of empathy, stress resilience, and reflective skills in the course of activities, as well as the influence of digital technologies and artificial intelligence on modern medical practice. The research is based on a systematic analysis of scientific publications and theoretical approaches, including the subject-activity and competency-based approaches. The authors also draw on empirical research data in the fields of medical psychology and professional education. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the holistic consideration of the professionalization of physicians as a process that integrates professional and personal development. The authors emphasize that modern medical professionalism requires not only a high level of clinical training but also developed communication skills, emotional intelligence, and the ability to adapt to changes in healthcare. The main findings of the study indicate the necessity of integrating psychological competencies into medical education, including the development of a patient-centered approach and prevention of professional burnout. Particular importance is given to the formation of professional identity, which enables physicians to interact effectively with patients and colleagues while maintaining adherence to ethical principles. The authors emphasize that a harmonious combination of technical skills and humanistic values is a key condition for improving the quality of medical care and strengthening patient trust.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):296-313
296-313
The relationship between psychological safety and the experience of terrorist threat among students: an interregional study
Resumo
The relevance of the study is explained by the significant increase in terrorist activity in the Russian Federation. Modern terrorism, which carries traumatic consequences, is increasingly becoming indirect, acting indirectly through informational influence. Special attention in the article is paid to psychological safety as an internal resource of a personality, which, along with other resources, ensures its stability and safety, and resists the negative effects of the terrorist threat. One of the less protected categories, due to personal immaturity, is students. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the relationship between the psychological safety of an individual and the experience of a terrorist threat among students from different regions. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the relationship between the psychological safety of the individual and the experience of the terrorist threat among college students. Methods of diagnosing the experience of a terrorist threat, psychological safety of the individual, emotional safety of the educational environment, the quality of interpersonal relationships, vitality, and vitality were applied. Mathematical and statistical methods were used: descriptive statistics, r-Spearman correlation analysis. The study involved college students (349 people) studying in different regions: Belgorod, Moscow and other regions of the Russian Federation. It has been revealed that in a region with a high level of objective terrorist threat (Belgorod), students who are characterized by determination, well-being at home, using constructive coping methods, with developed adaptive abilities and positive interpersonal relationships are the least susceptible to experiencing the threat of a terrorist attack. In a region with an indirect terrorist threat (Moscow), a decrease in the intensity of anxiety is observed among students with a high level of stress tolerance, who are able to quickly and effectively adapt to environmental variability, apply constructive strategies, and experience well-being in a creative environment. In calm (other) regions with a low level of objective terrorist threat, reducing the vulnerability of students to this threat is associated with their determination, exam well-being, and constructive ways of coping with stress. It has been established that the correlations between the psychological safety of students and their experience of the terrorist threat vary depending on the region of residence and the specifics of the impact of the threat of terrorism (real / indirect). The results obtained can contribute to the development of programs aimed at developing personal stability and the formation of psychological safety of students, taking into account the specifics of the impact of external threats.
Psychology and Psychotechnics. 2025;(3):314-331
314-331