Medicine and Biotechnology

Introduction. Prolonged exposure to the extreme stressors associated with participation in a special military operation can precipitate the development of a wide spectrum of mental disorders, which are characterized by significant comorbidity. This necessitates the development of pathogenetically-grounded rehabilitation programs aimed at improving clinical status and enhancing the quality of life of affected individuals.

The aim of this review is to systematize and analyze contemporary scientific evidence to inform the development of comprehensive rehabilitation programs. These programs are designed to mitigate mental disorders and their comorbid manifestations that are pathogenetically linked to involvement in a special military operation, taking into account the developmental trajectory of these conditions.

Materials and methods. The research methodology comprised a theoretical analysis of scientific publications from 2006 to 2025, sourced from the electronic databases CyberLeninka, eLibrary, and PubMed, and based on a total of 59 references (29 domestic and 30 international). Key focus areas for subsequent clinical research were identified. The review's findings are formulated on the basis of the aforementioned documentary data.

Results. This study has systematised the key pathogenetic mechanisms underlying stress-induced mental disorders and delineated the patterns of their interplay. Comprehensive rehabilitation programmes have been proposed; these integrate psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological methods for treatment and correction, aimed at alleviating existing disorders and preventing the potential development of mental health conditions.

Discussion and conclusion. The pathogenesis of a substantial proportion of mental disorders arising from exposure to severe stress is underpinned by significant psychogenic trauma, immune system dysregulation, and disruptions in neurotransmitter metabolism, which collectively lead to a disintegration of the body's functional systems. The timely application of a combined therapeutic approach, incorporating psychotherapeutic interventions – specifically cognitive-behavioural therapy – and psychopharmacotherapy, with an emphasis on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, exerts a substantial influence on the clinical course and prognosis of these disorders. Further research in this field is imperative for the development of more effective and personalised rehabilitation strategies for individuals who have experienced severe stress.

Introduction. Resveratrol represents a  promising natural compound for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease; however, the evidence from systematic analyses of research findings in the  literature remains insufficiently elucidated. The objective of this work is to systematize the data on the therapeutic effects of resveratrol and its mechanisms of action in Parkinson’s disease, and to evaluate the prospects for its application in clinical practice, alongside the  associated challenges and potential resolutions.

Materials and methods. Of the 130 literature sources identified from the Medline  and PubMed databases, 40 were selected for inclusion in this review. The  analysis and systematization of the current data were performed based on the following inclusion criteria: studies involving the exclusive use of resveratrol, in vivo models of Parkinson's disease in rodents, and human clinical trials.

Results. It has been established that resveratrol demonstrates efficacy in animal models of Parkinson's disease, as demonstrated by improved motor function, reduced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and decreased levels of inflammatory and pro-apoptotic markers. The most significant mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection are  associated with neuronal antioxidant defence, the  activation of sirtuins involving associated signalling pathways for apoptosis regulation, the modulation of autophagy, anti-inflammatory activity, and the suppression of mitochondrial dysfunction.

Discussion and conclusion. A  substantial body of evidence exists for resveratrol’s efficacy in Parkinson’s disease, primarily derived from pre-clinical studies; however, the number of clinical trials remains limited. Nevertheless, the existence of ongoing clinical investigations into resveratrol for Parkinson’s disease patients signifies considerable scientific interest in this compound for neurodegenerative disorders. For the widespread clinical implementation of resveratrol to be realized, the challenge of its low oral bioavailability must be  addressed, and large-scale, randomized controlled trials must be conducted. This synthesized information will be valuable for planning future pre-clinical and clinical research on the  anti-parkinsonian efficacy of resveratrol.

Introduction. Dental caries is one of the most prevalent dental diseases. The primary cause of this pathology is a  disruption in the species composition of the oral microbiota. The main causative  agent of caries is the bacterium Streptococcus mutans, which begins to dominate the pellicle of the teeth among representatives of its genus, secreting lactic acid that destroys the integrity of the enamel. The  attachment of pathogenic microorganisms to dental plaque occurs, as with representatives of the normal flora, through proteins – lectins. This creates a  prospect for introducing non-pathogenic, non-acid-producing microorganisms into the oral microbiome by artificially incorporating them into the pellicular microflora.

The  aim of this research is to develop a  method for incorporating non-acid-producing microorganisms into the oral microbiome, based on the co-flocculation of yeasts and streptococci.

Materials and methods. The yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae I-224 and Saccharomyces boulardii were selected as non-acid-producing microorganisms. Streptococcus thermophilus var. lactis was used as a  producer of the extracellular exp polysaccharide matrix for the common biofilm. Yeast biomass was cultivated in sterile grape must, while streptococcal biomass was grown in liquid YPD medium at 26°C for five days. Following separate cultivation of the  lactic streptococcus and the wine yeasts, the cultures were decalcified via centrifugation at 4,000  rpm and treatment of the sediment with a  0.3 mol/l potassium oxalate solution. The precipitated microbial biomass was combined and subjected to flocculation by adding a  1.0% calcium chloride solution. The efficiency of co-flocculate formation was determined microscopically at  a  900× magnification after staining the specimen with methylene blue.

Results. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae I-224 actively integrated into the common polysaccharide matrix, as evidenced by the clearing of the space  around the co-flocculate  and the  absence of free streptococcal and yeast cells. The weakly flocculating probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii scarcely formed unified flocculates with the bacteria.

Discussion and conclusion. An original method has been developed for the creation of interspecies conglomerates of bacteria and yeasts united by a  common exopolysaccharide matrix. This method opens the prospect of creating an oral probiotic that reduces the  acid load on tooth enamel, as it  allows for the partial replacement of acid-producing bacteria with agents of alcoholic fermentation.

Introduction. Maintaining an adequate nutritional status is a  base component of pediatric health, significantly influencing the  attainment of normative physical and neurocognitive development. The provision of hot meals in educational institutions is recognized as an effective public health strategy for the prevention of nutritional disorders among children and adolescents. The  aim of this study is to conduct  a  comprehensive comparative  assessment of dietary intake, nutritional status, and overall health in schoolchildren of the Republic of Mordovia receiving state-subsidized meals versus those on a  conventional diet.

Materials and methods. A  cross-sectional study was conducted, enrolling 144  schoolchildren aged 7–10 and 14 years from educational institutions in the city of Saransk. The participants were  allocated into two groups: Group 1 (n = 67) comprised children receiving exclusively institutional catering in 24-hour boarding schools; Group 2 (n = 77) consisted of children attending regular schools, who consumed home-prepared meals and were provided one mandatory hot meal per day at school. An assessment of dietary patterns was performed using the “Nutrilogic” online service. Anthropometric measurements were obtained, and body mass index was calculated with consideration of sigma deviations. Statistical analysis of the results was undertaken. Intergroup differences were  assessed for significance using Student’s t-test (p < 0.05).

Results. Evidence indicates that students provided with comprehensive social meal programs have  a  lower incidence of nutritional inadequacies than their peers in standard urban schools. These students are  less likely to exhibit deficits in caloric intake, complex carbohydrates, unsaturated fats, key vitamins (A, C, B-complex), and essential minerals (calcium, iron, iodine, zinc). The  likely explanation is their more consistent meal frequency and a  better-balanced dietary regimen.

Discussion and conclusion. Deviations from normative  anthropometric parameters (stature, mass, abdominal circumference, etc.) were observed with greater frequency among children receiving a  conventional diet. This cohort  also demonstrated a  higher prevalence of nutrition-dependent pathologies. The study findings indicate the efficacy of a  balanced nutritional regimen in reducing the incidence of such nutrition-dependent conditions, including digestive system disorders, obesity, and anemia. The  accrued data may inform the development of regulatory frameworks governing the supplemental fortification of infant  and child food products with vitamins and essential trace elements.

Cavernous sinus thrombosis represents a  form of cerebral venous thrombosis, constituting a  rare  and life-threatening condition that  lacks pathognomonic features. An acute, severe headache is a  non-specific symptom frequently associated with this pathology and may, in some instances, be its sole manifestation. The diagnostic challenges, extensive differential diagnoses, and the imperative for immediate therapeutic intervention underscore the clinical significance of this entity. This article details a  clinical case of atypical cavernous sinus thrombosis in a  48-year-old male with no apparent predisposing risk factors. The clinical presentation was characterised by a  combination of headache  and fever, in the  absence of focal neurological deficits or ophthalmological manifestations. Computed tomography of the brain revealed radiological evidence of right cavernous sinus thrombosis. Therapeutic-dose direct  anticoagulation with heparin was initiated to achieve sinus recanalisation. Upon resolution of the  acute phase, the patient was transitioned to a  regimen of oral rivaroxaban. Follow-up neurovascular imaging at one month demonstrated no residual signs of thrombosis.